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Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Peptic ulcer and variceal bleeding require emergency evaluation and endoscopic intervention.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Acil Servis department. Book Appointment →

What is Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding?

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is bleeding originating from the esophagus, stomach and duodenum above the ligament of Treitz. Peptic ulcer (50%) and esophageal varices (10-20%) are the most common causes.

Clinically it manifests as hematemesis (vomiting of blood), coffee-ground vomiting and melena (black, tarry, foul-smelling stools).

Emergency management consists of hemodynamic stabilization, proton pump inhibitor, blood transfusion in massive bleeding and upper GI endoscopy within 24 hours.

Symptoms

Hematemesis (vomiting fresh blood)
Coffee-ground appearance vomiting
Melena (black, tarry, foul-smelling stools)
Weakness, pallor, tachycardia
Hypotension and fainting
Abdominal or esophageal pain

Risk Factors

Peptic ulcer disease
Liver cirrhosis and varices
NSAID and aspirin use
Alcohol abuse
Helicobacter pylori infection
Anticoagulant use

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Call 112 immediately for hematemesis or black stools
  • Weakness, cold sweating and fainting are signs of severe bleeding
  • Variceal bleeding should be considered in sudden deterioration of a cirrhotic patient
  • Oral intake should be stopped for endoscopy in hospital

Treatment Methods

01
Establishment of two IV lines and fluid resuscitation
02
Blood typing and cross-matching
03
IV proton pump inhibitor
04
In variceal bleeding: octreotide, antibiotics, Sengstaken tube
05
Emergency upper GI endoscopy (banding, sclerotherapy, clipping)
06
Interventional radiology or surgery in refractory cases

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Acil Servis department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Acil Servis Department

Let us help you

You can make an appointment with our specialists or contact us for your concerns.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.