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Carpal Instability

Wrist ligamentous injury and dynamic instability patterns

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji department. Book Appointment →

What is Carpal Instability?

Carpal instability refers to abnormal kinematics of the carpal bones due to injury of the intrinsic (intercarpal) or extrinsic (radiocarpal/ulnocarpal) ligaments. Mayfield classification of perilunate injuries describes progressive ligamentous failure from radial to ulnar: stage 1 (scapholunate ligament), stage 2 (lunocapitate), stage 3 (lunotriquetral), and stage 4 (perilunate dislocation with lunate volar displacement).

Specific patterns include: scapholunate (SL) instability — most common, from fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH), causing dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) with scaphoid flexion and lunate extension on lateral radiograph; lunotriquetral (LT) instability causing volar intercalated segment instability (VISI); midcarpal instability from extrinsic capsular ligaments; ulnar-sided wrist pain from triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears with dynamic distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability.

Diagnosis combines history (FOOSH mechanism), physical examination (Watson scaphoid shift test for SL, ballottement for LT), specific radiographs (scapholunate gap >3 mm 'Terry Thomas sign', cortical ring sign of scaphoid, dorsal intercalated segment instability), MRI for ligament integrity, and arthroscopy as gold standard. Untreated SL instability progresses through scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC wrist) over years. Treatment depends on chronicity and reducibility: acute (<6 weeks) repair with bone anchors, subacute repair plus capsulodesis, chronic reconstruction (Brunelli, modified Brunelli, RASL), and salvage procedures (proximal row carpectomy, four-corner fusion, total wrist arthrodesis) for advanced arthritis.

Symptoms

Wrist pain with activity
Snapping or clicking sensations
Decreased grip strength
Limited range of motion
Swelling and tenderness over carpal joints
Positive Watson test (SL instability)
Pain with axial loading

Risk Factors

Fall on outstretched hand (FOOSH)
Distal radius fracture
Repetitive wrist activities
Hyperlaxity (Ehlers-Danlos)
Inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis)
Athletes (gymnastics, racquet sports)
Manual labor occupations

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Wrist pain following FOOSH injury
  • Persistent wrist pain after distal radius fracture
  • Snapping or clicking with motion
  • Loss of grip strength
  • Pain limiting daily activities or sports
  • Wrist deformity
  • Worsening symptoms despite conservative care

Treatment Methods

01
PA, lateral, clenched fist, and stress radiographs
02
MRI arthrogram for ligamentous evaluation
03
Wrist arthroscopy for definitive diagnosis
04
Acute repair with suture anchors (<6 weeks)
05
Capsulodesis (Blatt, dorsal capsulodesis) for partial tears
06
Reconstruction (Brunelli, modified Brunelli, RASL) for chronic SL
07
Salvage: PRC, four-corner fusion, or wrist arthrodesis for SLAC arthritis

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Department

Let us help you

You can make an appointment with our specialists or contact us for your concerns.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.