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Opioid Overdose

Opioid overdose is recognized by the triad of respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, and decreased consciousness; naloxone is life-saving.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Acil Servis department. Book Appointment →

What is Opioid Overdose?

Opioids (morphine, fentanyl, tramadol, methadone, codeine, etc.) stimulate central nervous system mu-receptors, producing analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression. Overdose due to prescription or illicit use is a growing global problem.

The classic triad is depressed consciousness, miotic (pinpoint) pupils, and respiratory depression. Aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and cardiac arrest increase mortality.

The cornerstone of treatment is naloxone, titrated until breathing improves. Methadone and sustained-release preparations are long-acting and may require repeat doses or infusion.

Symptoms

Pinpoint pupils (miosis)
Respiratory depression or apnea
Loss of consciousness and unresponsiveness
Hypotonia and hypotension
Cyanosis and cold skin
Bradycardia and, in severe cases, cardiac arrest

Risk Factors

High-dose prescriptions for chronic pain
Illicit opioid use (heroin, street fentanyl)
Recurrence after loss of tolerance (post-incarceration, post-rehab)
Concurrent benzodiazepine or alcohol use
Sleep apnea and respiratory disease
Pediatric household exposure

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Call 112 immediately for any patient with abnormal breathing or unresponsiveness
  • Observation is essential after naloxone because of risk of re-depression
  • At least 24 hours of monitoring is needed for methadone ingestion
  • Contact with a poison control center is recommended

Treatment Methods

01
Airway patency and rescue breathing
02
Naloxone titration (IV, IM, or intranasal)
03
Continuous pulse and saturation monitoring
04
Oxygen and support if pulmonary edema develops
05
Activated charcoal in selected cases (if consciousness preserved)
06
Referral to addiction therapy before discharge

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Acil Servis department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.