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Major Depressive Disorder

Persistent low mood and loss of interest impacting daily functioning

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Published:

This content is for general information; please consult your physician for diagnosis and treatment.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Psikiyatri department. Book Appointment →

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 15 to 20 percent.

According to DSM-5-TR, diagnosis requires five or more depressive symptoms present during the same two-week period, including either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.

Pathophysiology involves dysregulation in monoaminergic neurotransmission, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, neuroinflammation, and impaired neuroplasticity.

Depression is strongly treatable; early recognition reduces morbidity, suicide risk, and the economic and personal cost of chronicity.

Symptoms

Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in most activities (anhedonia)
Significant weight or appetite change and sleep disturbance (insomnia or hypersomnia)
Psychomotor agitation or retardation observable by others
Fatigue, loss of energy, and difficulty concentrating or making decisions
Feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Risk Factors

Family history of depression, bipolar disorder, or suicide
Exposure to childhood adversity, neglect, or abuse
Chronic medical illness, chronic pain, or endocrine disorders
Major life stressors such as bereavement, loss of employment, or relationship breakdown
Female sex, postpartum period, and perimenopause
Substance use, certain medications, and sleep disorders

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Seek psychiatric help when low mood or anhedonia persists for more than two weeks and affects work, school, or family life.
  • Contact a clinician urgently if thoughts of self-harm, suicide, or inability to care for oneself emerge.
  • A medical evaluation is advisable to exclude thyroid disease, anemia, vitamin deficiencies, or medication-related causes.

Treatment Methods

01
Comprehensive psychiatric assessment including suicide risk evaluation and screening for bipolarity
02
Evidence-based psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, or behavioral activation
03
Pharmacotherapy with SSRIs, SNRIs, or other approved antidepressants selected according to the individual profile
04
Combined treatment (medication plus psychotherapy) for moderate to severe episodes
05
Somatic treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant cases
06
Relapse-prevention strategies including continuation therapy, lifestyle measures, and regular follow-up

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Psikiyatri department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

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Bipolar Disorder

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Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania alternating with depressive episodes; accurate diagnosis and long-term treatment with mood stabilizers are essential to reduce relapses and improve functioning.

Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.