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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia

Effects of vitamin B12 insufficiency on the blood and nervous system.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Published:

This content is for general information; please consult your physician for diagnosis and treatment.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Hematoloji department. Book Appointment →

What is Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia?

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is an important hematologic problem that leads to megaloblastic anemia and neurologic injury. B12 is a coenzyme essential for DNA synthesis; its deficiency causes large abnormal erythrocytes (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow. Macrocytic erythrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils are seen on complete blood count.

The most common cause of B12 deficiency is autoimmune pernicious anemia, in which intrinsic factor production is impaired. Intrinsic factor, secreted by gastric parietal cells, is required for B12 absorption in the ileum. Vegans/vegetarians, the elderly, diabetics on metformin, and patients after gastric bypass surgery are also at risk.

Neurologic involvement (numbness, gait disturbance, cognitive decline) is a critical complication of B12 deficiency that can lead to irreversible damage. For this reason, B12 deficiency must be recognized early and treatment started promptly.

Symptoms

Fatigue, weakness, and pallor
Numbness and tingling in hands and feet
Difficulty walking and balance disturbance
Memory problems and concentration difficulties
Bright red, smooth tongue (glossitis)
Depression and mood changes
Jaundice and palpitations

Risk Factors

Pernicious anemia (autoimmune intrinsic factor deficiency)
Vegan or strict vegetarian diet
Advanced age and atrophic gastritis
Use of metformin or proton pump inhibitors
Gastric bypass or ileal surgery
Crohn's disease and malabsorption
Alcoholism

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • When numbness in hands and feet accompanies fatigue and pallor
  • When difficulty walking or balance disturbance occurs
  • When memory problems and concentration difficulties develop
  • When macrocytic anemia is detected on a blood count
  • For regular follow-up of patients diagnosed with pernicious anemia

Treatment Methods

01
Intramuscular B12 (cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin): standard for malabsorption
02
High-dose oral B12: for mild deficiency or dietary causes
03
Lifelong B12 replacement in pernicious anemia
04
Concurrent assessment of folic acid: simultaneous treatment when both are deficient
05
Treatment of the underlying cause (medication change, dietary adjustment)
06
Early physiotherapy and follow-up for neurologic findings

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Hematoloji department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.