Chronic Kidney Disease

Progressive decline in kidney function over years.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board

Last updated: June 9, 2026

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) department. Book Appointment →

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as irreversible loss of kidney function lasting three months or longer. The kidneys filter waste, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, regulate blood pressure and stimulate red blood cell production.

CKD is graded in five stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Early stages (1–2) are often asymptomatic, while advanced stages (4–5) lead to accumulation of urea and creatinine. Stage 5 may require dialysis or transplantation.

The most frequent causes in Turkey are diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive kidney disease. Careful diabetes and blood-pressure control is therefore the cornerstone of CKD prevention.

Symptoms

Often asymptomatic in early stages

Fatigue, weakness and loss of appetite

Swelling of the legs and face (oedema)

Nocturia or reduced urine output

Pruritus and dry skin

Nausea, vomiting and uraemic breath (advanced disease)

Shortness of breath and anaemia

Risk Factors

Uncontrolled diabetes

Hypertension

Family history of kidney disease

Age 65 or older

Obesity

Recurrent urinary tract infections

Long-term NSAID use

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

For a marked drop in urine output or foamy urine
For leg and peri-orbital swelling
For a high creatinine on blood tests
For persistent uncontrolled blood pressure
For fatigue and oedema in a person with diabetes

Treatment Methods

Tight control of the underlying cause (diabetes, hypertension)

Low-protein, low-sodium and low-potassium diet

Blood-pressure drugs to target (ACE inhibitors preferred)

Erythropoietin injections for anaemia

Vitamin D and phosphate-calcium balance management

Haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or transplantation in advanced stages

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) Department

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You can make an appointment with our specialists or contact us for your concerns.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.