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Urethrocystoscopy (Cystoscopy)

Endoscopic examination of the urethra and bladder

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Üroloji department. Book Appointment →

What is Urethrocystoscopy (Cystoscopy)?

Urethrocystoscopy uses a flexible or rigid endoscope inserted through the urethral meatus to visualize the entire urethra, bladder neck and bladder lining.

Flexible cystoscopy is typically performed in the office with topical anesthesia for diagnostic purposes; rigid cystoscopy is preferred for therapeutic interventions under regional or general anesthesia.

Indications include unexplained hematuria, recurrent urinary tract infections, suspected bladder tumor, urethral stricture, lower urinary tract symptoms, foreign body removal and biopsy.

Therapeutic uses include tumor resection (TURBT), stone fragmentation, stent placement, fulguration of bleeding sites and dilation of urethral strictures.

It allows real-time biopsy, photodocumentation and treatment in a single session.

Symptoms

Indications and clinical scenarios prompting cystoscopy: visible (gross) or microscopic hematuria, persistent dysuria, urinary urgency, frequency, recurrent infections
Symptoms after cystoscopy: mild burning on urination for 1–2 days, pink-tinged urine briefly, mild urinary frequency
Warning signs: heavy bleeding with clots, fever above 38 degrees, severe pain, inability to urinate, signs of sepsis
Bladder discomfort, urgency or feelings of incomplete emptying are common short-term effects

Risk Factors

Indications: visible hematuria above age 35, microscopic hematuria with risk factors, irritative voiding symptoms, suspected bladder cancer, monitoring known bladder cancer history
Risks: urinary tract infection (1–4 percent), urethral injury (rare), urinary retention (transient), bleeding (usually minimal), reaction to local anesthetic
Higher infection risk with: indwelling catheter, prior radiation, immunosuppression, diabetes
Anatomical concerns: severe urethral stricture, large prostate may make access difficult

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Persistent or worsening fever, chills or rigors after cystoscopy
  • Heavy bleeding with clots in urine
  • Inability to urinate for several hours after the procedure
  • Severe pain not relieved by simple analgesics
  • Signs of urinary tract infection: fever, chills, flank pain, foul-smelling urine
  • Persistent burning or symptoms beyond 3–4 days
  • Any symptoms of sepsis: confusion, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate

Treatment Methods

01
Pre-procedure assessment: urinalysis, urine culture if suspected infection, review medications including anticoagulants
02
Antibiotic prophylaxis: only when indicated (e.g., immunocompromised, prior infection, complex stones, anatomical risk)
03
Office flexible cystoscopy: topical lidocaine gel, brief examination usually less than 5 minutes
04
Operative cystoscopy: regional or general anesthesia for therapeutic interventions like TURBT or stone management
05
Systematic inspection: anterior urethra, bulbar urethra, prostatic urethra, bladder neck, bladder dome, lateral walls, trigone, ureteral orifices
06
Biopsy of suspicious lesions; resection of papillary tumors with electrocautery loop
07
Post-procedure care: encourage hydration, mild oral analgesia, monitor for complications
08
Schedule follow-up based on findings: surveillance cystoscopy every 3–6 months for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
09
Provide written information on warning signs and when to seek emergency care

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Üroloji department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.