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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A chronic autoimmune connective-tissue disease that affects multiple organ systems.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

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This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) department. Book Appointment →

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, relapsing-remitting autoimmune disease in which the immune system produces antibodies against the body's own tissues and affects multiple organ systems. It most often affects women aged 15–45 and develops from a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal and environmental factors (UV light, drugs, infections).

The disease is driven by immune-complex deposition and type III hypersensitivity reactions. Several autoantibodies are used for diagnosis and monitoring, including antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-Ro, anti-La and antiphospholipid antibodies. Complement levels (C3, C4) typically fall during flares.

The clinical spectrum is broad, ranging from mild cases with only skin involvement to severe disease with lupus nephritis and neurological involvement. Treatment aims to prevent organ damage, control flares and improve quality of life.

Symptoms

A butterfly (malar) rash across the cheeks
Joint pain, swelling and morning stiffness
Photosensitivity and a sun-related rash
Fever, malaise and unexplained weight loss
Painless ulcers in the mouth or nose
Hair loss (alopecia)
Raynaud phenomenon and signs of serositis
Oedema and hypertension from renal involvement

Risk Factors

Female sex during the reproductive years (15–45)
A family history of SLE or another autoimmune disease
Genetic susceptibility (HLA-DR2, HLA-DR3, complement deficiencies)
Oestrogen exposure and pregnancy
Intense UV exposure
Some medications (hydralazine, procainamide, isoniazid)
Infections such as Epstein–Barr virus
Smoking

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Unexplained joint pain and swelling
  • Severe rashes after sun exposure
  • Persistent fatigue and fever with weight loss
  • Swelling of the feet or foamy urine
  • Chest pain, shortness of breath or neurological symptoms
  • Unexplained miscarriage or recurrent pregnancy loss

Treatment Methods

01
Hydroxychloroquine (the backbone of therapy in all cases)
02
NSAIDs for joint pain and serositis
03
Medium- to high-dose glucocorticoids during flares
04
Immunosuppressants (azathioprine, mycophenolate, methotrexate)
05
Cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate for lupus nephritis
06
Biologics (belimumab, anifrolumab, rituximab)
07
Sun protection and photoprotective measures
08
Multidisciplinary follow-up (rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology)

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.