Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism (Refractive Errors)

The most common refractive errors causing blurred near or distance vision.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board

Last updated: June 11, 2026

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Göz Hastalıkları department. Book Appointment →

What is Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism (Refractive Errors)?

Myopia results when the eye is too long or the cornea too steep, causing distant images to focus in front of the retina; symptoms appear in school years and can progress.

Hyperopia is the opposite: a shorter eye or flatter cornea focuses images behind the retina, leading to near vision difficulty and asthenopia. Mild hyperopia may be compensated by accommodation in the young but becomes symptomatic with age.

Astigmatism is caused by an irregular corneal or lens curvature that creates two different focal points, producing distorted vision at all distances and frequently coexisting with myopia or hyperopia.

Symptoms

Difficulty seeing distant objects (myopia)

Difficulty seeing near (hyperopia)

Distorted or doubled vision (astigmatism)

Eye strain and headache

Squinting

Difficulty driving at night

Reduced school performance in children

Risk Factors

Family history of refractive error

Prolonged near work and screen time

Limited outdoor activity

Premature birth

Diabetes mellitus

Keratoconus

Older age (presbyopia)

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

Sudden change in vision
Double vision
Frequent eye strain or headache
Visual decline in a child
Failure of glasses to correct fully
Suspicion of keratoconus

Treatment Methods

Spectacle correction

Soft, toric or rigid contact lenses

Orthokeratology in selected children

Atropine 0.01–0.05% drops for myopia control

LASIK, PRK, SMILE refractive surgery

Phakic intraocular lenses in high myopia

Multifocal IOL for presbyopia

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Göz Hastalıkları department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Göz Hastalıkları Department

Let us help you

You can make an appointment with our specialists or contact us for your concerns.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.