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Male Infertility

Evaluation, Semen Analysis, and Treatment

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Published:

This content is for general information; please consult your physician for diagnosis and treatment.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Üroloji department. Book Appointment →

What is Male Infertility?

Male infertility is the inability of a male to cause pregnancy in a fertile female after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse.

Evaluation includes reproductive/sexual history, physical examination with testicular assessment, two semen analyses per WHO 2021, and hormonal profile (FSH, LH, testosterone).

Genetic testing (karyotype, Y-chromosome microdeletions, CFTR) is indicated in severe oligospermia or azoospermia.

Scrotal ultrasound detects varicocele, cysts, and tumors; transrectal ultrasound evaluates ejaculatory duct obstruction.

Symptoms

Inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse
Ejaculatory dysfunction or absent ejaculate
Low libido or erectile dysfunction
Testicular pain, swelling, or palpable varicocele
Signs of hypogonadism (reduced facial/body hair, gynecomastia)
Anosmia suggesting Kallmann syndrome

Risk Factors

Varicocele, cryptorchidism history, and testicular trauma or torsion
Previous chemotherapy, radiation, or pelvic surgery
Genetic conditions (Klinefelter, Y-microdeletions, CFTR)
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia
Obesity, smoking, alcohol, anabolic steroid, and recreational drug use
Exposure to heat, pesticides, and occupational toxins

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Failure to conceive after 12 months (earlier with female partner >35)
  • Known risk factor (cryptorchidism, chemotherapy, genetic) and fertility plan
  • Abnormal semen analysis or hormonal profile requires specialist evaluation

Treatment Methods

01
Lifestyle modification: stop smoking, reduce alcohol, weight loss, avoid heat exposure and anabolic steroids
02
Hormonal therapy: gonadotropins (FSH/LH) in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; treat hyperprolactinemia or thyroid disease
03
Varicocelectomy for clinical varicocele with abnormal semen parameters in infertile couples
04
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) for mild male factor with adequate motile sperm count
05
IVF with ICSI for moderate-severe male factor or obstructive/non-obstructive azoospermia
06
Surgical sperm retrieval (TESE, micro-TESE, PESA) for azoospermia before ICSI; sperm cryopreservation before gonadotoxic therapy

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Üroloji department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Üroloji Department

Let us help you

You can make an appointment with our specialists or contact us for your concerns.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.