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Heart Failure - Internal Medicine Perspective

Comprehensive internist approach to chronic heart failure including HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF phenotyping with guideline-directed medical therapy and comorbidity management.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) department. Book Appointment →

What is Heart Failure - Internal Medicine Perspective?

HF pathophysiology: cardiac dysfunction triggers compensatory neurohormonal activation (RAAS, sympathetic, vasopressin) that initially preserves perfusion but ultimately drives myocardial remodeling, fibrosis, and progressive dysfunction. HFrEF mechanisms - ischemic, idiopathic dilated, valvular, infiltrative, toxic (chemo, alcohol). HFpEF mechanisms - hypertensive, infiltrative (amyloid), restrictive, diabetic cardiomyopathy. Stages (ACC/AHA): A (at risk), B (pre-HF, structural), C (symptomatic), D (advanced). NYHA functional class I-IV stratifies symptom severity.

Diagnostic workup: 1) NT-proBNP - rule-out <125 pg/mL (chronic), <300 pg/mL (acute); rule-in age-adjusted (>450 if <50 yr, >900 if 50-75, >1800 if >75); 2) Echocardiography - LVEF, structural abnormalities, diastolic function, valvular disease; 3) ECG - ischemia, arrhythmia, LVH, conduction disease; 4) Chest X-ray - pulmonary congestion, cardiomegaly; 5) Labs - CBC, BUN/Cr, electrolytes, TSH, ferritin/TSAT (iron deficiency), HbA1c, liver, lipids; 6) Cardiac MRI - infiltrative disease (amyloid, sarcoid), myocarditis; 7) Coronary angiography - exclude CAD; 8) Genetic testing in select cases (familial cardiomyopathy).

Internal medicine treatment focus: HFrEF four pillars - 1) ARNI (sacubitril/valsartan, PARADIGM-HF) preferred over ACEi/ARB; 2) Beta-blocker (carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, bisoprolol); 3) MRA (spironolactone, eplerenone); 4) SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin DAPA-HF, empagliflozin EMPEROR-Reduced) - mortality reduction independent of diabetes. Add-on - ivabradine (sinus rhythm, HR ≥70), hydralazine-isosorbide (Black patients), vericiguat (FY worsening HF), iron repletion (TSAT <20%, ferritin <100). HFpEF - SGLT2i (EMPEROR-Preserved, DELIVER), MRA, optimize comorbidities (HTN, AF, OSA, obesity). Comorbidity management - CKD (avoid NSAIDs), AF (anticoagulation, rate/rhythm), DM (GLP-1RA, SGLT2i), iron deficiency, depression.

Symptoms

Exertional dyspnea and orthopnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Bilateral lower extremity edema and weight gain
Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance
Cough (especially nocturnal) and wheezing
Confusion, altered mentation in advanced HF

Risk Factors

Coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction
Hypertension (long-standing, poorly controlled)
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity and metabolic syndrome
Family history of cardiomyopathy
Cardiotoxic exposure (anthracyclines, alcohol, illicit drugs)

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • New-onset dyspnea or orthopnea
  • Worsening edema or rapid weight gain (>2 kg in 3 days)
  • NT-proBNP elevation on screening
  • Echocardiographic LV dysfunction
  • Acute decompensation requiring hospitalization
  • GDMT optimization or referral to advanced HF clinic

Treatment Methods

01
ARNI (sacubitril/valsartan) - preferred RAAS blocker
02
Beta-blocker (carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, bisoprolol)
03
MRA (spironolactone, eplerenone)
04
SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) - all LVEF
05
Loop diuretic (furosemide, torsemide) for congestion
06
Comorbidity optimization (CKD, DM, AF, iron deficiency)

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Dahiliye (İç Hastalıkları) Department

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.