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Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)

Enterobacterales (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter) resistant to carbapenems through carbapenemase production (KPC, NDM, OXA-48, VIM, IMP) or porin mutations with AmpC/ESBL co-expression; designated by CDC and WHO as 'urgent threat'/'critical priority'; treated with novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam), cefiderocol, plazomicin, polymyxins, fosfomycin, and combination therapy.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

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What is Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)?

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are gram-negative bacilli of the order Enterobacterales (most clinically Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species) that have developed resistance to carbapenem antibiotics (meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, doripenem)—the traditional last-line β-lactams for serious gram-negative infections. CDC designates CRE as one of the 'urgent threats' in its 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report; WHO classifies them as 'critical priority' pathogens for new antibiotic development. Resistance mechanisms include carbapenemase enzymes (most clinically important): Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC, Ambler class A, common in US and Europe), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM, class B/MBL, common in India/Pakistan), oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48, class D, common in Mediterranean), Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM), and imipenemase (IMP); non-carbapenemase mechanisms include AmpC or ESBL combined with porin mutations (OmpK35/36 loss).

Epidemiology: CRE causes bloodstream, urinary tract, intraabdominal, respiratory, and surgical site infections, primarily in hospitalized and long-term care residents, immunocompromised patients (cancer, transplant), with prior antibiotic exposure (especially carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins), invasive devices (central lines, ventilators, urinary catheters), and recent travel to endemic regions. Mortality rates 40-50% for bacteremia and 30-40% overall, double or triple that of carbapenem-susceptible infections.

Treatment principles: rapid identification (PCR/Carba-NP/lateral flow immunoassays for carbapenemase type) and susceptibility testing guide therapy. Novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations: ceftazidime-avibactam (active against KPC, OXA-48; not NDM/VIM/IMP unless combined with aztreonam), meropenem-vaborbactam (KPC; not OXA-48/MBL), imipenem-relebactam (KPC; not OXA-48/MBL); cefiderocol (siderophore cephalosporin active against most carbapenemases including MBLs); plazomicin (aminoglycoside resistant to most ribosomal modifying enzymes); aztreonam-avibactam (under development, MBL coverage); polymyxins (colistin, polymyxin B—high toxicity, last resort); fosfomycin (synergy partner); tigecycline (synergy partner; not for bacteremia or UTI). Combination therapy is common for severe infections. Source control (drain abscess, remove infected device) is essential. Prevention: active surveillance cultures of high-risk patients, contact precautions, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, antimicrobial stewardship, and judicious carbapenem use.

Symptoms

Healthcare-associated bacteremia with sepsis or septic shock
Complicated urinary tract infection (catheter-associated)
Hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia
Intraabdominal infection (peritonitis, abscess)
Surgical site infection
Refractory infection despite empiric carbapenem therapy
Colonization detected on screening (rectal swab)

Risk Factors

Prolonged hospitalization or ICU stay
Prior broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure (especially carbapenems)
Indwelling devices (central lines, urinary catheters, ventilators)
Immunocompromise (transplant, hematologic malignancy, cancer chemotherapy)
Recent travel to CRE-endemic regions (India, Greece, Israel)
Long-term care residence
Recent surgery, especially abdominal or transplant

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Sepsis or shock in hospitalized patient with prior antibiotic exposure
  • Failure of empiric carbapenem therapy
  • Positive screening culture for CRE
  • Travel-associated infection from endemic region
  • Suspected hospital-acquired infection in high-risk patient
  • Persistent bacteremia despite source control
  • Need for colonization eradication before high-risk procedure

Treatment Methods

01
Rapid carbapenemase identification and susceptibility testing
02
Ceftazidime-avibactam for KPC and OXA-48 producers
03
Cefiderocol for MBL producers (NDM, VIM, IMP) and difficult cases
04
Meropenem-vaborbactam or imipenem-relebactam for KPC
05
Plazomicin and polymyxins as adjunct or salvage agents
06
Source control (drain abscesses, remove infected devices)
07
Contact precautions, screening, and antimicrobial stewardship

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Department

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.