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Allergic Rhinitis

IgE-mediated nasal mucosal inflammation triggered by inhaled allergens such as pollen, dust mites and animal dander.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

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This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our KBB (Kulak Burun Boğaz) department. Book Appointment →

What is Allergic Rhinitis?

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa to inhaled environmental allergens. It affects approximately 10-30% of adults and up to 40% of children worldwide and is among the most common chronic diseases. It is classified as seasonal (typically pollen-induced) or perennial (dust mites, mold, cockroach, animal dander) and as intermittent or persistent, mild or moderate-severe per ARIA guidelines.

Pathogenesis involves sensitization to allergens with production of specific IgE binding to mast cells. Re-exposure causes mast cell degranulation releasing histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins and tryptase, producing the early-phase response. Late-phase response (4-12 hours) involves eosinophil, basophil and Th2 lymphocyte infiltration, producing chronic congestion.

AR frequently coexists with asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, sinusitis, otitis media with effusion and nasal polyposis (united airway concept). It significantly impacts sleep quality, school and work performance, and overall quality of life. Early diagnosis and stepwise treatment prevent complications and asthma development.

Symptoms

Repeated sneezing in paroxysms
Watery rhinorrhea
Nasal congestion
Itchy nose, palate and throat
Itchy and watery eyes
Postnasal drip
Reduced sense of smell
Allergic shiners (under-eye darkening)
Mouth breathing and snoring
Fatigue and concentration difficulty

Risk Factors

Family history of atopy
Personal history of asthma or atopic dermatitis
Environmental allergen exposure
Air pollution
Tobacco smoke exposure
Early antibiotic use
Caesarean delivery
Lack of pet exposure in infancy
Urban living
Occupational allergen exposure

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Persistent symptoms despite over-the-counter treatment
  • Sleep disturbance from nasal obstruction
  • Symptoms impairing school or work
  • Suspected asthma development
  • Recurrent sinus infections or otitis
  • Need for allergen testing
  • Consideration of immunotherapy
  • Chronic nasal polyps or anosmia

Treatment Methods

01
Allergen identification and avoidance
02
Second-generation oral antihistamines
03
Intranasal corticosteroids (most effective)
04
Intranasal antihistamines
05
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
06
Saline nasal irrigation
07
Decongestants (short-term only)
08
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (subcutaneous or sublingual)
09
Anti-IgE biologics in selected cases
10
Asthma comorbidity management

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our KBB (Kulak Burun Boğaz) department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.