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Emphysema

Permanent damage to the air sacs of the lung leads to shortness of breath and impaired gas exchange.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Göğüs Hastalıkları department. Book Appointment →

What is Emphysema?

Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by permanent destruction of alveolar walls and abnormal enlargement of air sacs, impairing gas exchange. It is considered the anatomical component of COPD.

The attack of lung macrophages and neutrophils on harmful particles in cigarette smoke disrupts the protease-antiprotease balance; emphysema develops when elastase enzymes destroy alveolar walls. It is also seen in rare alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Destroyed alveolar walls do not regenerate; therefore, emphysema is an irreversible process. Treatment is aimed at slowing the progression of the disease and improving quality of life.

Symptoms

Progressive shortness of breath (with exercise initially, also at rest as it progresses)
Barrel chest appearance
Cyanosis on the lips (in advanced stage)
Cough (less sputum than chronic bronchitis)
Weight loss and muscle atrophy
Use of accessory respiratory muscles

Risk Factors

Long-term smoking
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (genetic)
Occupational dust and chemical exposure
Air pollution
Recurrent respiratory tract infections

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Pulmonology consultation for shortness of breath occurring with exercise
  • Spirometry and lung function test evaluation
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency screening (in young, non-smoking cases)
  • Emergency presentation in acute exacerbation period

Treatment Methods

01
Smoking cessation (most critical intervention)
02
Inhaler bronchodilators (LAMA, LABA)
03
Pulmonary rehabilitation
04
Long-term oxygen therapy (in necessary cases)
05
Bronchoscopic or surgical lung volume reduction (in selected cases)

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Göğüs Hastalıkları department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Göğüs Hastalıkları Department

Let us help you

You can make an appointment with our specialists or contact us for your concerns.

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.