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Fontan Failure - Pediatric Follow-up

Long-term complications and management of failing Fontan circulation in pediatric patients including Fontan-associated liver disease, plastic bronchitis, and protein-losing enteropathy.

Written by: Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board
Last updated:

This content has been compiled by the Saygı Hospital Health Guide Editorial Board and is periodically reviewed by a specialist physician.

References (5)

This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. You can book an appointment at our Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları department. Book Appointment →

What is Fontan Failure - Pediatric Follow-up?

Fontan physiology and failure mechanisms: Fontan completion connects systemic venous return (SVC and IVC) directly to pulmonary arteries, bypassing the subpulmonary ventricle. Critical features - 1) elevated central venous pressure (CVP) maintains pulmonary flow passively; 2) normal cardiac output requires low pulmonary vascular resistance; 3) pulmonary blood flow is preload-dependent, ventilation-dependent. Failure mechanisms - 1) ventricular failure (systolic and/or diastolic); 2) elevated pulmonary vascular resistance; 3) AV valve regurgitation; 4) atrial arrhythmias (IART, atrial fibrillation); 5) outflow obstruction; 6) Fontan circuit thrombosis or stenosis; 7) lymphatic dysfunction (PLE, PB); 8) chronic congestive hepatopathy (FALD).

Late complications and surveillance: 1) Atrial arrhythmias (>50% by 20 years post-Fontan) - intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia (IART), atrial fibrillation; manage with antiarrhythmics, catheter ablation, anticoagulation; 2) Thromboembolism (10-30% lifetime; aspirin or warfarin/DOAC indicated); 3) PLE (5-15%) - lymphatic dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia, edema, lymphopenia; manage with steroids, sildenafil, octreotide, lymphatic embolization, transplant; 4) Plastic bronchitis (1-5%) - thoracic duct lymphatic leakage into airway; manage with sildenafil, sirolimus, lymphatic embolization, transplant; 5) FALD (>50% with cirrhosis by 20 years) - chronic congestion, regenerative nodules, cirrhosis, HCC risk; surveillance with US, MRI, FibroScan; consider combined heart-liver transplant; 6) Protein-energy malnutrition; 7) Chronotropic incompetence; 8) Cyanosis from veno-venous collaterals; 9) Renal dysfunction.

Surveillance and treatment strategies: comprehensive annual evaluation - 1) clinical (NYHA, growth, edema, ascites, exercise tolerance); 2) echocardiography (ventricular function, AV valve, Fontan circuit, pulmonary veins); 3) cardiac MRI biennially (ventricular function, Fontan obstruction, ascites, thrombus, FALD); 4) cardiopulmonary exercise testing (VO2max, anaerobic threshold; declining VO2 prognostic); 5) cardiac catheterization with angiography in declining patients (CVP, PVR, ventricular function, address obstructions, fenestration creation); 6) liver evaluation (LFTs, fibrosis markers, abdominal MRI, FibroScan, AFP); 7) immunology (lymphocyte subsets, total protein/albumin); 8) Holter monitoring; 9) thromboembolism prophylaxis. Therapies - pulmonary vasodilators (sildenafil, bosentan), ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, MRA, diuretics, sirolimus (lymphatic disease), lymphatic embolization, Fontan revision, fenestration, mechanical circulatory support, heart or heart-liver transplant. Cardiac transplant 10-year survival 50-60% in Fontan recipients.

Symptoms

Decreased exercise tolerance and fatigue
Edema, ascites, hepatomegaly
Palpitation, syncope (atrial arrhythmia)
Diarrhea, edema (PLE)
Cough productive of bronchial casts (plastic bronchitis)
Cyanosis (veno-venous collaterals)

Risk Factors

Fontan completion >15-20 years post-op
Ventricular dysfunction or AV valve regurgitation
Elevated Fontan/CVP pressures
Atrial arrhythmia history
Genetic syndromes (heterotaxy, hypoplastic left heart)
Suboptimal surgical anatomy or fenestration closure

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention promptly:

  • Annual surveillance for Fontan patients
  • Decreased exercise tolerance or new symptoms
  • Edema, ascites, or weight gain
  • Palpitation, syncope, or atrial arrhythmia
  • Diarrhea or bronchial cast (PLE/PB)
  • Pre-transplant evaluation

Treatment Methods

01
Pulmonary vasodilators (sildenafil, bosentan)
02
ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker, MRA, diuretics
03
Sirolimus and lymphatic embolization (PLE/PB)
04
Catheter ablation for atrial arrhythmia
05
Anticoagulation for thromboembolism prevention
06
Heart or heart-liver transplant in advanced failure

Which Department to Visit?

You can visit our Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları department for these complaints. Our specialist physicians will create the most suitable treatment plan for you.

Learn About Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Department

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Health Disclaimer: The information on this page is prepared for general informational purposes only. It does not replace medical diagnosis and treatment. Please consult your physician for your complaints. Saygı Hospital does not accept responsibility for actions taken based on the information on this page.